Biography of Polycarp, Christian Bishop and Martyr

Biography of Polycarp, Christian Bishop and Martyr Polycarp (60-155 CE), also known as Saint Polycarp, was a Christian bishop of Smyrna, the modern city of Izmir in Turkey. He was an Apostolic father, meaning he was a student of one of the original disciples of Christ; and he was known to other important figures in the early Christian church, including Irenaeus, who knew him as a youth, and Ignatius of Antioch, his colleague in the Eastern Catholic church. His surviving works include a Letter to the Philippians, in which he quotes the Apostle Paul, some of which quotes appear in the books of the New Testament and the Apocrypha. Polycarps letter has been used by scholars to identify Paul as the probable writer of those books. Polycarp was tried and executed as a criminal by the Roman empire in 155 C.E., becoming the 12th Christian martyr in Smyrna; the documentation of his martyrdom is an important document in the history of the Christian church. Birth, Education, and Career Polycarp was likely born in Turkey, about 69 C.E. He was a student of the obscure disciple John the Presbyter, sometimes considered to be the same as John the Divine. If John the Presbyter was a separate apostle, he is credited with writing the book of Revelations. As Bishop of Smyrna, Polycarp was a father figure and mentor to Irenaeus of Lyons (ca 120–202 C.E.), who heard his preachings and mentioned him in several writings. Polycarp was a subject of the historian Eusebius (ca 260/265–ca 339/340 C.E.), who wrote about his martyrdom and connections with John. Eusebius is the earliest source separating out John the Presbyter from John the Divine. Irenaeus Letter to the Smyrneans is one of the sources recounting Polycarps martyrdom. Martyrdom of Polycarp The Martyrdom of Polycarp or Martyrium Polycarpi in Greek and abbreviated MPol in the literature, is one of the earliest examples of the martyrdom genre, documents which recount the history and legends surrounding a particular Christian saints arrest and execution. The date of the original story is unknown; the earliest extant version was composed in the early 3rd century. Polycarp was 86 years old when he died, an old man by any standard, and he was the bishop of Smyrna. He was considered a criminal by the Roman state because he was a Christian. He was arrested at a farmhouse and taken to the Roman amphitheater in Smyrna where he was burned and then stabbed to death. Mythic Events of the Martyrdom Supernatural events described in MPol include a dream Polycarp had that he would die in flames (rather than being torn apart by lions), a dream that MPol says was fulfilled. A disembodied voice emanating from the arena as he entered entreated Polycarp to be strong and show yourself a man. When the fire was lit, the flames did not touch his body, and the executioner had to stab him; Polycarps blood gushed out and put out the flames. Finally, when his body was found in the ashes, it was said to have not been roasted but rather baked as bread; and a sweet aroma of frankincense was said to have arisen from the pyre. Some early translations say a dove rose out of the pyre, but there is some debate about the accuracy of the translation. With the MPol and other examples of the genre, martyrdom was being shaped into a highly public sacrificial liturgy: in Christian theology, the Christians were Gods choice for martyrdom who were trained for the sacrifice. Martyrdom as Sacrifice In the Roman empire, criminal trials and executions were highly structured spectacles that dramatized the power of the state. They attracted mobs of people to see the state and criminal square off in a battle that the state was supposed to win. Those spectacles were intended to impress on the minds of the spectators how powerful the Roman Empire was, and what a bad idea it was to attempt to go against them. By turning a criminal case into a martyrdom, the early Christian church emphasized the brutality of the Roman world, and explicitly converted the execution of a criminal into a sacrifice of a holy person. The MPol reports that Polycarp and the writer of the MPol considered Polycarps death a sacrifice to his god in the Old Testament sense. He was bound like a ram taken out of a flock for sacrifice and made an acceptable burnt-offering unto God. Polycarp prayed that he was happy to have been found worthy to be counted among the martyrs, I am a fat and acceptable sacrifice. Epistle of St. Polycarp to the Philippians The only surviving document known to have been written by Polycarp was a letter (or perhaps two letters) he wrote to the Christians at Philippi. The Phillippians had written to Polycarp and asked him to write an address to them, as well as to forward a letter they had written to the church of Antioch, and to send them any epistles of Ignatius he might have. The importance of Polycarps epistle is that it explicitly ties the apostle Paul to several pieces of writing in what would eventually become the New Testament. Polycarp uses expressions such as as Paul teaches to quote several passages which are today found in different books of the New Testament and the Apocrypha, including Romans, 1 and 2 Corinthians, Galatians, Ephesians, Philippians, 2 Thessalonians, 1 and 2 Timothy, 1 Peter, and 1 Clement. Sources Ari, Bryen. Martyrdom, Rhetoric, and the Politics of Procedure. Classical Antiquity 33.2 (2014): 243–80. Print.Bacchus, Francis Joseph. St. Polycarp. The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 12. New York City: Robert Appleton Company, 1911. Print.Berding, Kenneth. Polycarp of Smyrnas View of the Authorship of 1 and 2 Timothy. Vigiliae Christianae 53.4 (1999): 349–60. Print.Moss, Candida R. On the Dating of Polycarp: Rethinking the Place of the Martyrdom of Polycarp in the History of Christianity. Early Christianity 1.4 (2010): 539–74. Print.Norris, Frederick W. Ignatius, Polycarp, and I Clement: Walter Bauer Reconsidered. Vigiliae Christianae 30.1 (1976): 23–44. Print.Pionius, Alexander Roberts, and James Donaldson. [English Translation of ]the Martyrdom of Polycarp. Ante-Nicene Fathers. Eds. Roberts, Alexander, James Donaldson and A. Cleveland Coxe. Vol. 1. Buffalo, New Yokr: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1888 Print.Thompson, Leonard L. The Martyrdom of Pol ycarp: Death in the Roman Games. The Journal of Religion 82.1 (2002): 27–52. Print.

An Analysis of Fanons The Wretched of the Earth Essays

An Analysis of Fanons The Wretched of the Earth Essays An Analysis of Fanons The Wretched of the Earth Paper An Analysis of Fanons The Wretched of the Earth Paper Violence affects an individual not only in a physical way, but also on an emotional level as well. In Fanons The Wretched of the World On Violence, the essay presents the reasons and consequences of the presences of violence. Fanon states that decolonization thrives of the essence of violence. The colonist would not reach their goal for the colonized if it was not for the act of violence. He goes through the factors that remove individuality from the individual, such as the church and the process of decolonization. This inhibits the natives basic morals and throws him/her into a state of confusion. Fanon exhibits the relationship between the colonist and the colonized. He supplies one with all the deep emotions of both the colonist and the colonized. The tension between the two opposing protagonist is fabricated through his writing. (Fanon, 3) Finally, he reveals the motives behind the violence of both the colonist and the colonized. This violence comes from two polar ideas that cannot survive with the other still remaining. In Fanons writing, one really gets to know about the perspectives of an exploited species (Fanon, 1). Fanon describes these factors in such detail that it justifies the use of violence amongst the colonized. In Fanons The Wretched of the Earth On Violence, the essay describes how the colonist tries to force their realities on the native, and while doing that strips the native of his/her identity. This act of decolonization removes the emotional ties that the natives have to their previous culture and their nation. This colonial force causes tension between the colonist and the colonized. Fanon indentifies the church as an important factor of decolonization. Fanon compares the church to the pesticide DDT; he states that the church eliminates any opposing belief that the natives might have. This destroys the fundamental morals that make up an individuals identity. After Fanons comparison of the church and DDT, he states that the church does not call the colonized to the ways of God, but to the ways of the white man, to the ways of the master, to the ways of the oppressor. (7) This shows us how the colonist was trying to assimilate the natives to their way of life. After taking away the natives identity and stripping him of his dignity, the natives are left unstable with an unhealthy amount of scattered anger. This anger is developed because of the relationship between the colonist and the colonized. Fanon elaborates on the relationship between the colonized and the colonist throughout the essay. One needs to know the setting in each of these individual groups, before one can fully understand the relationship between the two. We will first start off by disclosing the world of the colonist. Fanon compares the life of a colonist to a structure; it shows the colonist ideas to be concrete and has a sense of order. One can really digest this thought through the colonist sector described as being protected by solid in a sector where the streets are clean and smooth. Fanon introduces the racist beliefs that the colonist world had. Fanon states You are rich because you are white; you are white because you are rich. (5) This statement shows that it was not just a class problem, but there was also a race issue as well. The colonist sector contrasts with the native sector which as Fanon describes as a place of chaos. The natives in this sector are born anywhere, anyhow. You die anywhere, from anything. (Fanon, 4) This shows the natives world to be unorganized and cramped, a place where no one has a face. When one has nothing and the desire for everything, the feeling on envy comes from an individual. (Fanon, 5) This puts the colonist on edge because he/her are constantly aware of the colonized wanting to take their place. (Fanon, 5, 23) The colonized motives are simply put when Fanon states What they demand is not the status of colonist, but his place. (23) This statement shows the enormous amount of tension that is between the colonist and the colonized. This presents the unfairness and exploitation that the foreigner (colonist) imposes on the original natives of the land. 5) This is a place where the colonist world is a slated, sluggish sector, its belly is permanently full of good things and the colonized world is a famished sector hungry for bread, meat, shoes, coal, and light. The colonizeds sector is a sector that crouches and cowers, a sector on its knees, a sector that is prostrate. (Fanon, 4, 5) The image Fanon paints for us, using a very powerful use of vocabulary, is extr emely vivid. One can almost feel the resentment that the colonized had towards the colonist, kind of a glimpse in to the unjust and unequal world of the colonized. One may also see how violence could be used as an output for this source of anger. The colonized were not violent before the colonist. It was the colonist who taught the colonized the use of violence. Violence is the main reason why the colonist was able to decolonize the colonized nation. Colonists are people who are born with the knowledge of their cramped world, riddled with taboos, which can only be challenged by out and out violence. (Fanon, 3) The colonist gained control of the colonized world through the use of violence. Fanon describes the colonist forcing their ideas on them using the mechanism of fear. He states that in the capitalist economy there are councilors, sermonizers, and confusion-mongers to make sure the exploited dont step out of line but in colonial regions direct intervention by the police and the military ensure the colonized are kept under close scrutiny and contained by rifle butts and napalm. (Fanon, 4) This is how the colonized were taught the use of violence. The colonized, as stated before, have many factors that cause him/her to have an enormous amount of resentment and anger inside. This use of violence is an output for this anger and resentment, as are other things. This process purges these emotions, so that an individual can feel stability again. Unfortunately, the colonized do not just use violence to act against the colonist but they also use violence against each other. This is shown through native tribal wars and fights. The use of violence is a way that the colonized use to fight against what the colonist has done to them and to rid of the exploding emotions of anger and resentment. The colonized had a very powerful reason for the use of violence, a reason full of hatred. This is understandable considering what the colonist put the colonized through on a daily basis. It is human instinct to fight back against what you think is unfair and unjust. It is reasonable to act on your anger and change it into violence, especially if thats all you have been taught. Fanon presents a mind -opening explanation of the colonized actions and feelings. He fabricates an essay that portrays violence as not only a physical force but also a emotional force as well.

Uninsured patients in relation to nursing practice in America Essay

Uninsured patients in relation to nursing practice in America - Essay Example The health insurance practice is one in which an insurance company (signs an undertaking with an individual to provide heath care services if and when necessary with a commitment by the issues to make regular payments in this regards).The uninsured patient is therefore a person who for one reason or the other is unable to have this kind of commitment to his or her health. A study of the nursing practice as it obtains in America presently would reveal the fact that attention is concentrated on the insured patients in hospitals to the detriment of the uninsured patients. As not all uninsured patient may query for Medicaid. This therefore poses a question "Is the health policy one for a review" Particularly as it concerns the uninsured and the nursing practice. It is reported that the rate of increase in the uninsured population is at an average of 1 Million people per year from 1987, which culminated into over 32 million adults without health insurance in the United States as at 1998. (permanenete journal 2003). For most of these uninsured people it is by no wish of their own that they found themselves in their present state. Most neither quality for Medicaid nor the insurance care packages. Despite the fact that many of these insurance patients desire no much for health care packages it is beyond their reach by reason of the uninsurance labels they wear. This inability has without doubt complicated seemingly easy - to - handle medical cases, when you consider illness like Cancer where routine checks could reveal a tomour at an early stated of development and for which subsequent application of chemotherapy man prevent the tumor from further development or get it This is the standard practice in nursing, however this routine check man be unavailable to the insured. A possible question at this junction is: should health uninsurance loom larger than the Medical needs of a patients. While we may agree that there is no strength forward and easy answer to this question, an attempt will be made to justify it as much as possible. The major pre-occupation in the minds of the leaders in any nation is the welfare of its citizens. This therefore suggests that irrespective of the background and circumstances surrounding any one of its citizens they all should be entitled to the same level of care and treatment. So many factors combine to contribute to the inability of some patients to meet with their private health insurance needs, factors like infrastructure job conditions - (low paying and part-time jobs) not covered by the health care packages. The unwillingly uninsured patients in this scenario look up to the government of the day to come to their aid and resume. A government's sensitivity and rapid response in this direction will go along way as much as flaming the embers of patriotism among its citizenry. While this may be largely true, it is not also a hidden fact that there are many things that compete for the attention of the government and policy makers. The health sector is only an aspect of an entire spectrum that is exerting pressure in the government for attention. State security, education, unemployment, state of the economy etc. are pact of this spectrum. The resultant of this that a lid is placed over what can be spent on any given sector considering the limited resources available. Budgetary constraints as this make it very difficult to engage in very robust healthcare programs that will adequately provide for the needs of the uninsured patients. Although it is arguable that if the priorities of the government of the day are well spelt out, a drastic reduction in foreign aid and grant could be made thereby making funds available for the uninsured patients. Existing health policy needs not be static in a dynamic world environment. The citizens of a country are the target of any nations health policy an the effects if not having a proper health insurance for individuals is really

On Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

On Leadership - Essay Example The king was put into a difficult situation, without adequate resources to recruit new people and the current regime of fighting soldiers was devoid of nourishment, adequate clothing, and even pay for their previous wartime efforts. The king needed to rally support without expressing that difficulties that were currently plaguing the king at the economic level and in terms of his current human resources capabilities. Like a regular company, these are sometimes going to be real-life situations that prevent being able to simply replace or renew the existing organizational culture through new recruitment efforts. The goal is to help retain employees and Henry V does an excellent job by appealing to their personal vanity, as a more of a transformational leader than one that simply barks commandments. The soldiers in his army already have some of the symptoms of burnout commonly found in businesses, especially those with more rigid hierarchies of control. For example, manufacturing facilities where people have specialized job roles might have a leadership structure that puts more restrictions on workers and the job design does not allow for a great deal of personal creativity, ingenuity or autonomy. In this type of environment, without offering certain rewards, either physical or psychological, the end result can be less satisfaction and commitment to meeting organizational goals. Henry V realizes that this is occurring due to his current limitations as king, yet at the same time he does not want to create negative motivation by constantly citing that there are both economic and HR-related problems with his current leadership structure. He builds motivation effectively by creating a more unified organizational culture where people are treated much like equals. This type of rhetoric is very effective as such speeches remind the subjects of Henry V that they are valued and that they will, indeed, earn a reward for

Children Being Tried as Adults Essay Example for Free

Children Being Tried as Adults Essay Some juveniles think that because they are minors, they can’t be severely punished just like adults. Using this thinking, many minors commit crimes thinking of little to no consequences at all. With this thinking, the â€Å"double standard† comes into place. Female juveniles think because of their gender, they can really get away with crimes. For the average american, the term juvenile delinquent is likely to conjure up the image of a teen-age male. The one-sided image is fed by media stories that all but ignore the existence of young offenders who are female. Most of the professional literature on juvenile delinquency is similarly slanted. Should minors who commit crimes be prosecuted as adults? That is indeed a topic you have to really think about twice. All crimes committed by juveniles should and must be treated in the same regard as adults. These kids go to juvenile court and get shortened sentences because of their age, thats not right. They commit big boy crimes, they have to do big boy time. When you think of the word â€Å"Juvenile† what’s the first thing you think about? The first thing that comes to my mind is crime simply because when i hear the word juvenile, its usually followed by delinquent. Until the early 19th century in the United States, children as young as 7 years old could be tried in criminal court and, if found guilty, sentenced to prison or even to death. Children under the age of 7 were thought to be unable to commit criminal acts and were therefore exempt from punishment. Reformers believed that treating children and adolescents as adult criminals was unnecessarily harsh and resulted in their corruption. A 1991 study by Virginias Department of Youth and Family Services, entitled Young Women in the Juvenile System, concluded that girls serve more time in training schools than their male counterparts, and for less serious offenses. The same pattern prevails in most other jurisdictions. (Anderson) Between 1994 and 2010, violent crime arrest rates decreased for all age groups, but more for juveniles than for adults. More specifically, the rates dropped an average of 54 percent for teenagers 15 to 17, compared to 38 percent for those between 18 and 39. And while arrest rates for violent crimes were higher in 2010 than in 1980 for all ages over 24, the rates for juveniles ages 15 to 17 were down from 1980. (Brown) Not everyone agrees that tougher crime laws for juveniles are fair or will cut down on youth crime. Many opponents of penalizing kids as adults believe that young criminals, unlike adult offenders, are still developing personal values and character. Juveniles, they say, can be more easily reformed, or rehabilitated, to turn their lives around and lead productive lives. For example, in a documentary i recently watched, all of the adults had been to jail and had a bad childhood but had changed their lives for the best. Many people have shown their disagreement with the statement above in many ways creating controversy. â€Å"Lock ‘Em Up† says one civilian/pedestrian in a street interview . â€Å"Let ‘Em off, they’re just babies† says another civilian. These two statements/opinions stirred up lots of controversy and debates on live television. In one argument a tv reporter said that It doesnt mean adolescents cant make rational decisions or appreciate the difference between right and wrong. But it does mean that, particularly when confronted with stressful or emotional circumstances, they are more likely to act impulsively, on instinct, without fully understanding or considering the consequences of their actions. Some controversy comes in with the parents thinking that their children don’t deserve to be tried as adults in their situation. For example, Paul Henry Gingerich, a 14 year old murder suspect is believed to be the youngest person in Indiana ever sentenced to prison as an adult. He was still 12 years old when he arrived here at the Pendleton Juvenile Correctional Facility, the states maximum security prison for children. His mother could not do much due to the severity of the situation. Over 200,000 children are charged as adults every year says a researcher at Temple University. At the age of 16, Cameron Williams lives a life far removed from the world of other teenagers. Williams, who celebrated his sixteenth birthday in jail, faces up to 110 years behind bars for second-degree attempted murder and use of a weapon to commit a felony. In November, Williams shot at a police officer in Omaha, Nebraska as he was being chased after being pulled over in a car with two other men. Hes also charged with robbery and assault in another county. Even though he is a minor. Many people are affected/involved in these juvenile cases. In many cases, the juveniles themselves are the ones who are greatly affected because they are the ones who have messed up their future. The parents are also majorly affected by children being charged as adults because they still look at their children as innocent and as babies. In a recent california case, a 15 year old boy was sentenced to 20 years on a murder charged in a maximum security facility and was beaten to death. This made the state and even parts of the nation rethink this whole â€Å"age doesn’t matter thing† when it comes to juvenile sentencing. To decrease juvenile crimes there are several prevention programs. There is a program called D.A.R.E which stands for Drug, Abuse, Resistance, Education. The program is for kids as old as 18 and as young as 11. There are also programs like after school matters which teaches children the importance of staying in school and staying on the right path, and finally P A.C.E. is Programming for Young Women in the Juvenile Justice System, which also helps to rehabilitate juveniles after they are released from jail. (Anderson, George M.) Another possible solution could be for parents to teach their children right from wrong early in their lives and for older children, spend more time with them and show them that you care about them/love them, and most of all be there for them throughout their lives. Statistics show that children who grow up in a single-parent household are nine times more likely to go to prison, eight times more likely to commit violent crimes, and ten times more likely to get hooked on drugs than in a two-parent home. After some long research I concluded that teens today dont fear the law because they dont think they will get caught. And if they do, they know they have a good chance of getting off because they are tried as teens and not adults. We have to get tougher on crime. There should be a law that everyone over eleven years old will be tried as adults. That way more teens would be discouraged from committing crimes. They would know that murder would get them a very long sentence instead of sta ying in juvenile hall until they are eighteen. If we want to cut down on teen crime, we have to have tougher laws.

The Most Critical Talents a Teacher Must Possess :: Patience Creativity Adaptability Teaching Essays

The Most Critical Talents a Teacher Must Possess A.) In my opinion, the three most critical talents a teacher must possess are patience, creativity, and adaptability. Through the years I have grown to understand the saying, â€Å"Patience is a virtue.† I feel it is a gift to have the patience to work with a large group of children, whose needs and abilities range at different levels. Everyone becomes frustrated during his/her profession, but a teacher must have the ability to hide those frustrations so the happiness of every child will be ensured. Most people associate creativity directly to artists and musicians because of their natural born talent. Not all teachers can draw or sing, however their minds are creative. Teachers are given a curriculum full of skills and concepts that their students must master by years end. Therefore, it is the responsibility of an educator to engage the children in as many exciting and fun learning experiences as their imaginations can foster. Adaptability, the power to change easily to fit different conditions, is a critical talent that a teacher must possess in the classroom. If a lesson is unsuccessful and the students are confused on the skill that is being stressed, a teacher must adapt to the learning situation. By changing his/her approach to the material, students become enabled to better comprehend what is being taught. As a first year teacher, I feel I possess all three of these critical talents. B.) Though my experiences in the classroom are limited to my first year teaching and student teaching, I have always contemplated how I would use technology as a source of learning. My plan is to incorporate the use of technology through learning centers, since they will be a vital part of my classroom. A computer station will provide students exposure to programs that are age appropriate. These programs will focus on areas of mathematics and reading, both of which are crucial to a child’s education. Some programs I have implemented are Reader Rabbit’s Kindergarten, Dr. Seuss Kindergarten, and Math Circus. A listening center adds a real-life dimension to the stories because they make the books come alive for children. During my kindergarten practicum I incorporated a listening area that contained a listening post with headphones, a tape recorder, and sometimes a compact disc player. The area also contained tapes of books and the actual stories to which the students listened.

Managing Financial Resources and Decision

Every business needs four major types of resources classified in two ways: men, money, machine and material or land, labor, capital and enterprise. As it can be seen the financial resources are compulsory, every business having allocated a department that manages this resource (the Finance Department) and a person that is in charge of its activities (the Finance Manager). Financial resources can be provided by a range of sources. This range depends on the type of the business, which can be classified as sole traders, partnerships and companies (private or public).Financial resources are in turn classified considering the period of time when they are available (short, medium and long term), and the origin environment (internal or external). The sources available for a sole trader are personal capital, retained profits, sale of assets, actions of hire purchase, of sale and lease back, loans and credit lanes from banks of informal loans (borrowings) from friends, acquaintances. Addition ally, for the other types, finance can come from admission of new partners in the business, bank overdrafts, venture capital and share capital.For London Woods ltd the financial resources of the private sector company are represented by the sale of the furniture produced (the selling price for a chair in 2013 is 45 pounds, while monthly sales vary between 100 and 120). A long-term loan already borrowed according to the income statement for 2011 and 2012 is another financial source of cash. But in contract with ordinary shares generated for investors, which are the permanent capital of the company, the loan will be integral returned after several years, during which is cost is estimated at a 12% interest rate.A recent available source are the 3000 pounds made available for a brand manager in the Latin America, while the production and the revenues from that sales are a potential source of liquidity. 1. 2 Before they are chosen, sources of finance must be evaluated after considering t he following aspects relates to the business itself or the source: what amount of money is necessary and in what time, what is the cost of the source (interest rates, dividends etc.), the risk involved, the duration of the contract (between company and supplier of finance), the control of the business over the source or aver the ability to pay back finance received and the gearing ratio of the company (the relationship between what is owns and what is owes).For example, long-term loans and ordinary shares can generate a greater amount of capital than personal savings or the sale of assets. But while the company must return in time the amount borrowed from a bank it can have as permanent capital the money invested by shareholders.Also, while the interest rate is fixed and included in every payment, dividends are paid only when the company generates profit. Thus, the company has more control over finance if is source are investments rather than bank loans. 1. 3 The mentioned sources b ring simultaneous benefits and disadvantages for the business organization. Personal savings are interest free, do not need to be returned necessarily at a certain time, no collateral part is involved and no paperwork is required, but it cannot provide large amounts and can interfere unexpectedly with cash flow if money is demanded before due time.Retained profit is the company’s own revenue which does not need to be returned or to pay interest, debt does not increase and its future allocation can remain confidential. On the other hand, retained profits are available for developed, growing business and not for starting or bad-performing businesses. Finance resulted from selling assets is similar: the business finances itself with possible large amounts, only that those assets will not generate profit from the selling point, and it can be expensive later on, if it needs to be purchased.Ordinary shares are advantageous because they can raise large amounts of permanent capital f or which dividends are paid only the company is profitable, but they incur issuing costs and the amount of capital cannot be minimized later. Preference shares do not give the right of decision through vote and they require a fixed profit in return, even if the company makes a smaller profit or even a loss. Similarly debentures do not allow the right to vote, are redeemed when surplus profit is obtained, if not payment of interest rate must be done at a fixed date.These features apply to loans, bank overdrafts. The hire purchase method has the advantage that the company can make use of the asset before it pays for it but probably will be pay more for it than its value. Venture capital is beneficial because investors are highly interested in the business’s success over a period; investors share profits and may wish to influence strategic decisions. Discounts assure a quick receive of money but debt is collected by the client company itself and thus resources are wasted in debt collection.2. 1 Being vital for the business’s operations, financial resources (the life blood of business) have attached a certain cost: sometimes a price paid for their availability and most certainly an opportunity cost in the form if the second best way in which they could have been allocated. Personal savings, bank loans, overdrafts, debentures, venture capital, factoring, invoice discounting require the payment of an interest rate, in addition to the amount lend to the business.Retained profits have attached the opportunity cost: depending on the size of it, profits can be allocated to many departments: they can be invested in research and development, in the extension of fixed assets for the increase of production, in more advertising, can be used in the employed of experts, skilled people. The cost of selling assets is that of the revenue from the goods that would have been produced, but also the difference in the selling price and the purchase price.Apart from the d ividends paid in return, issuing ordinary shares determines administrative costs with the stock exchange listing fee, printing, distribution and advertising fee. The cost in hire purchase actions and leases is the price that the company pays for the item and the cost of ownership over it, since even if the organization paid 90% for the item, it is still owned by the leasing company. Grants are financial resource that does not require any fee.Planning is usually regarded as one of the first major steps (among generating ideas, assessing feasibility, collecting external information) that needs to be developed in concern with doing a business, a project, presentation etc. As money is a core resource for the business so is financial planning. This stage within a business it used in order to determine over a period of time how will a variety of resources be allocated in order to have both effective and efficient results. Or, it can be used to assess how well the available resources were used in a previous period of time (a quarter, half year, a year).Financial planning has in addition a few key benefits. It is efficient because it takes in consideration future needs: a business must always be aware of next activities from the â€Å"to do† list. Considering next tasks is helpful in being on time: organizations have to prepare now, in advance, what is required later so it do not miss opportunities. This gives assurance to stakeholders that the company is well-managed and creates a pleasant working environment, where lower levels employees know very well what to do.It helps businesses to compare the different alternatives between resource allocation in order to perform activities in which they have a smaller opportunity cost. Planning constantly also provides the opportunity to monitor, control activities and be financially sustainable for the organization and its stakeholders. 2. 3 The decision making process is represented by information needs required by dec ision makers. The decision makers or the organization are the stakeholders that have an interest in respect with the activity of the organization. They are divided between internal and external parties.The internal parties are the shareholders and their information need is to know the risk implied by their investment or the return that can generate in order to sell shares or to buy and if the company is able to pay dividends. Employees, another important category wants to know is the business is well-performing in order to deduce the stability, the prospective, and any remuneration and benefits that their current vacancy within the company offers. Suppliers are interested to know if in short term the business as able to pay for the goods supplied.Lenders, an important category of external stakeholders, need the same information, but for the long term. Continuation of operations is also a concern of customers, especially if they have a dependence on the company’s activities. G overnments and regulators are interest in how the business is caring operations in order to compare it with regulation and law, so that the organization is operating legally. The public, a general external category of stakeholders is interested in the performance of the business for the need of economic stability and available jobs.2. 4 In the study case of London Woods there are several sources of finance with impact in the financial statements (the profit and loss account, the balance sheet, and the cash flow statement). A major source of the finance is the firm’s production of furniture which if it is sold is incurred in the profit and loss account, while the remaining stock is stated as a current asset on the balance sheet. Another source of finance proposed for the business, as Mathew claims, is two machines that will generate more revenue but are going to cost 4 million pounds.The prices paid will be incurred in the expenses section in the income statement and the value of the two machines will be included under the asset’s column in the balance sheet. The machines would have to be bought by first taking a loan with an interest rate of 12%, which will have to be stated under expenses in the income statement, while the loan must be declared in the long-term liabilities section in the balance sheet. According to the profit and loss account a current source of finance is the shareholders capital, a current loan which costs the business 550 (interest rate) and the debtors, which are customers of the organization.The company does not have to buy the machine B, as the results are negative and the company does not have enough money. 4. 1. Finance is used to create before or at the end of time periods financial statements that help in planning activities, in recording performance and in assessing the current state of the business. Finance is used to create three types of financial statements. The profit and loss account assesses if past activity us ed effectively the allocated resources. The balance sheet is a summary about the assets, liabilities and liquidities of a business at the end of a business term.Finance also generates information about sales, purchases and labor costs. All this information can be further used in setting budgets for next business terms. Budgets can be used to determine future quantity and price of sales, production, materials, labor, manufacturing overhead, selling and administrative costs and in the end the final cash budget. Based on previous information, when they are creating budgets managers can take measures that reduce costs, increase profits, improve work efficiency or increase productivity and can find information like when to make new purchases of machinery, materials etc. 4. 2.Financial statements do not differ substantially of those of a sole trader as they rely on the same accounting principles. Both balance sheets of both companies will be calculated using the simple formula according w hich equity equals assets minus liabilities. The financial statements of the fictional sole trader Olivia Boulton1 and those of The Coca-Cola Company2, registered in the USA are relevant in this way. Although they use the same principles, the statements of the two operators are slightly different in content. Olivia Boulton, as a sole trader runs a small business (she sells cookware goods designed in Italy).Profits are usually small and re-invested in the business, but the possibilities for expansion are limited. Sole traders are the owners of the business who can run it independently and do not involve other in decision making. A sole trader takes the risk of compensating liabilities with his own goods. In comparison, The Coca-Cola Company a public limited company owned by anonymous shareholders, which generated large profits and pays dividends and caries operations globally. The financial statements of Olivia Boulton contain the traditional elements of a profit and loss account and of a balance sheet.The profit and loss account which states the net profit incurred in the period, calculated by eliminating expenses from income or gross profit, starts with the estimation of sales, purchases and stock in order to determine the gross profit. The expenses include liabilities regarding the interest rate of a loan, wages plus other administrative expenses (rent, travelling). The balance sheet has a simple format too. The fixed assets are only represented by the premises and the shop fittings, current assets include stock, debtors, bank and cash, while on the liability column the only type of tax incurred is the VAT (value added tax).In the case of Coca-Cola the statements look different. The cost of goods sold is directly stated as well are the selling, general and administrative expenses. The major difference is the emphasis of the tax incurred and the dividends paid (basic net income per share, diluted net income per share, and dividend per share). The balance shee t contains other elements too. A great amount of the company’s assets are represented by investments, trademark with indefinite lives, goodwill, intangible assets, bottler’s franchise rights with indefinite lives. Under the liability column the amount owned for loans long-term debts are much higher.After taking liabilities, the company’s equity is much more elaborated and allocated to multiple purposes: a part is reinvested, a part is allocated to shareowners, another one to non controlling interests, while other incurred as capital surplus. 4. 3 a) Net profit margin: Op * 100 : sales revenue: 370*100/4990 =7. 4 b) Current ratio current assets/current liabilities: 1540/790 = 1. 9 c) Quick ratio current assets – current stock/current liabilities: 1540-680/790 =860/790=1. 08 d) ROCE for year 2012: 370*100/1850=20% ROCE for year 2011: 510*100/1900=26. 8% e) Assets turnover ratio: 4990/1850=2. 69; f) Debt/Equity ratio: 550/1850=0. 29

Srk N His Life

Shahrukh Khan From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search â€Å"Shahrukh† redirects here. For the Timurid dynasty ruler, see Shah Rukh (Timurid dynasty). This article is semi-protected to prevent libelous additions. Shahrukh Khan Born 2 November 1965 (1965-11-02) (age 44) New Delhi, India Other name(s) Shah Rukh Khan, King Khan, SRK, King of Bollywood[1] Occupation Actor, producer, television presenter Years active 1988–present Spouse(s) Gauri Khan (1991–present) Shahrukh Khan (Hindi: , Urdu: ; born 2 November 1965), sometimes credited as Shah Rukh Khan, is an Indian actor and a prominent Bollywood figure, as well as a film producer and television host. Khan began his career appearing in several television serials in the late 1980s. He made his film debut in Deewana (1992). Since then, he has been part of numerous commercially successful films and has earned critical acclaim for many of his performances. Khan has won thirteen Filmfare A wards for his work in Indian films, seven of which are in the Best Actor category. Khan's films such as Dilwale Dulhaniya Le Jayenge (1995), Kuch Kuch Hota Hai (1998), Chak De India (2007), Om Shanti Om (2007) and Rab Ne Bana Di Jodi (2008) remain some of Bollywood's biggest hits, while films like Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham (2001), Kal Ho Naa Ho (2003), Veer-Zaara (2004) and Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna (2006) have been top-grossing Indian productions in the overseas markets, making him one of the most successful actors of India. [2] Since 2000, Khan branched out into film production and television presenting as well. He is the founder/owner of two production companies, Dreamz Unlimited and Red Chillies Entertainment. In 2008, Newsweek named him one of the 50 most powerful people in the world. [3] Contents [hide] * 1 Biography * 2 Film career o 2. 1 Background o 2. 2 1990s o 2. 3 2000s * 3 Producer * 4 Television host * 5 Awards and nominations * 6 Filmography o 6. 1 Actor o 6. 2 Producer o 6. 3 Playback singer o 6. 4 Stunts director o 6. 5 Television appearances * 7 See also * 8 Bibliography * 9 Notes * 10 External links Biography Shahrukh Khan and family Khan was born in 1965 to Muslim parents of Pathan descent in New Delhi, India. [4] His father, Taj Mohammed Khan, was an Indian independence activist from Peshawar, British India. According to Khan, his paternal grandfather was originally from Afghanistan. [5] His mother, Lateef Fatima, was the adopted daughter of Major General Shah Nawaz Khan of the Janjua Rajput clan, who served as a General in the Indian National Army of Subash Chandra Bose. [6] Khan's father came to New Delhi from Qissa Khawani Bazaar in Peshawar before the partition of India,[7] while his mother's family came from Rawalpindi, British India. [8] Khan has an elder sister named Shehnaz. [9] Growing up in Rajendra Nagar neighbourhood,[10] Khan attended St. Columba's School where he was accomplished in sports, drama, and academics. He won the Sword of Honour, an annual award given to the student who best represents the spirit of the school. Khan later attended the Hansraj College (1985–1988) and earned his Bachelors degree in Economics (honors). Though he pursued a Masters Degree in Mass Communications at Jamia Millia Islamia, he later opted out to make his career in Bollywood. [11] After the death of his parents, Khan moved to Mumbai in 1991. [12] In that same year, before any of his films were released, he married Gauri Chibber, a Hindu, in a traditional Hindu wedding ceremony on 25 October 1991. 13] They have two children, son Aryan (b. 1997) and daughter Suhana (b. 2000). According to Khan, while he strongly believes in Allah, he also values his wife's religion. At home, his children follow both religions, with the Qur'an being situated next to the Hindu gods. [14] In 2005, Nasreen Munni Kabir produced a two-part documentary on Khan, titled The Inner and Outer World of Shah Rukh Khan. Featuring his 2 004 Temptations concert tour, the film contrasted Khan's inner world of family and daily life with the outer world of his work. The book Still Reading Khan, which details his family life, was released in 2006. Another book by Anupama Chopra, â€Å"King of Bollywood: Shahrukh Khan and the seductive world of Indian cinema†, was released in 2007. This book described the world of Bollywood through Khan's life. [15][16] Khan has been awarded several honours which includes the Padma Shri, India's fourth highest civilian award from the Government of India in 2005. In April 2007, a life-size wax statue of Khan was installed at the Madame Tussauds Wax Museum, London. Another statue was installed at the Musee Grevin in Paris, the same year. 17] During the same year, he was accorded the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres (Order of the Arts and Literature) award by the French government for his â€Å"exceptional career†. [18] In October 2008, Khan was conferred the Darjah Mulia Seri Melaka which carries the honorific Datuk (in similar fashion to â€Å"Sir† in British knighthood), by the Yang di-Pertua Neg eri Tun Mohd Khalil Yaakob, the head of state of Malacca in Malaysia. Khan was honoured for â€Å"promoting tourism in Malacca† by filming One Two Ka Four there in 2001. Some were critical of this decision. 19] He was also honoured with an honorary doctorate in arts and culture from Britain's University of Bedfordshire in 2009. [20] Film career Background Khan studied acting under celebrated Theatre Director Barry John at Delhi's Theatre Action Group (TAG). In 2007, John commented thus on his former pupil that, â€Å"The credit for the phenomenally successful development and management of Shahrukh's career goes to the superstar himself. â€Å"[21] Khan made his acting debut in 1988 when he appeared in the television series, Fauji, playing the role of Commando Abhimanyu Rai. 22] He went on to appear in several other television serials, most notably in the 1989 serial, Aziz Mirza's Circus, which depicted the life of circus performers. [23] The same year, Khan also had a minor role in the made-for-television English-language film, In Which Annie Gives it Those Ones, which was based on life at Delhi University and was written by Arundhati Roy. 1990s Upon moving from New Delhi to Mumbai in 1991,[24] Khan made his Bollywood movie debut in Deewana (1992). The movie became a box office hit, and launched his career in Bollywood. [25] His performance won him a Filmfare Best Male Debut Award. He went on to star in Maya Memsaab, which generated some controversy because of his appearance in an â€Å"explicit† sex scene in the movie. [26] In 1993, Khan won acclaim for his performances in villainous roles as an obsessive lover and a murderer, respectively, in the box office hits, Darr and Baazigar. [27] Darr marked his first collaboration with renowned film-maker Yash Chopra and his banner Yash Raj Films, the largest production company in Bollywood. Baazigar, which saw Khan portraying an ambiguous avenger who murders his girlfriend, shocked its Indian audience with an unexpected violation of the standard Bollywood formula. 28] His performance won him his first Filmfare Best Actor Award. In that same year, Khan played the role of a young musician in Kundan Shah's Kabhi Haan Kabhi Naa, a performance that earned him a Filmfare Critics Award for Best Performance. Khan maintains that this is his all-time favourite among the movies he has acted in. [29] In 1994, Khan once ag ain played an obsessive lover/psycho's role in Anjaam, co-starring alongside Madhuri Dixit. Though the movie was not a box office success, Khan's performance earned him the Filmfare Best Villain Award. [30] In 1995, Khan starred in Aditya Chopra's directorial debut Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge, a major critical and commercial success, for which he won his second Filmfare Best Actor Award. [31] In 2007, the film entered its twelfth year in Mumbai theaters. By then the movie had grossed over 12 billion rupees, making it as one of India's biggest movie blockbusters. [32] Earlier in the same year he found success in Rakesh Roshan's Karan Arjun which became the second biggest hit of the year. 1996 was a disappointing year for Khan as all his movies released that year failed to do well at the box office. 33] This was, however, followed by a comeback in 1997. He saw success with Subhash Ghai's social drama Pardes — one of the biggest hits of the year — and Aziz Mirza's comedy Yes Boss, a moderately successful feature. [34] His second project with Yash Chopra as a director, Dil to Pagal Hai became that year's second highest-grossing movie, and he won his third Filmfare Best Actor A ward for his role as a stage director who falls in love with one of his new actresses. [34] In 1998, Khan starred in Karan Johar's directorial debut, Kuch Kuch Hota Hai, which was the biggest hit of the year. 35] His performance won him his fourth Best Actor award at the Filmfare. He won critical praise for his performance in Mani Ratnam's Dil Se. The movie did not do well at the Indian box office, though it was a commercial success overseas. [36] Khan's only release in 1999, Baadshah, was an average grosser. [37] 2000s Khan's success continued with Aditya Chopra's 2000 film, Mohabbatein, co-starring Amitabh Bachchan. It did well at the box office, and Khan's performance as a college teacher won him his second Critics Award for Best Performance. He also starred in Mansoor Khan's action film Josh. The film starred Khan as the leader of a Christian gang in Goa and Aishwarya Rai as his twin sister, and was also a box office success. [38] In that same year, Khan set up his own production house, Dreamz Unlimited with Juhi Chawla (see below). Both Khan and Chawla starred in the first movie of their production house, Phir Bhi Dil Hai Hindustani. [38] His work with Karan Johar continued as he collaborated on the family drama Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham which was the second biggest hit of the year. He also received favorable reviews for his performance as Emperor Asoka in the historical epic, Asoka, a partly fictionalised account of the life of Ashoka the Great (304 BC–232 BC). [39] In 2002, Khan received acclaim for playing the title role in Sanjay Leela Bhansali's award-winning period romance, Devdas. It was the third Hindi movie adaptation of Sharat Chandra Chattopadhyay's well-known novel of the same name, and surfaced as one of the biggest hits of that year. [40] Khan also starred opposite Salman Khan and Madhuri Dixit in the family-drama Hum Tumhare Hain Sanam, which did well at the box office. 40] In 2003, Khan starred in the moderately successful romantic drama, Chalte Chalte. [41] That same year, he starred in the tearjerker, Kal Ho Naa Ho, written by Karan Johar and directed by Nikhil Advani. Khan's performance in this movie as a man with a fatal heart disease was appreciated. The movie proved to be one of the year's biggest hits in India and Bollywood's bigges t hit in the overseas markets. [41] 2004 was a particularly good year for Khan, both commercially and critically. He starred in Farah Khan's directorial debut, the comedy Main Hoon Na. The movie did well at the box office. He then played the role of an Indian officer, Veer Pratap Singh in Yash Chopra's love saga Veer-Zaara, which was the biggest hit of 2004 in both India and overseas. [42] The film relates the love story of Veer and Pakistani woman Zaara Haayat Khan, played by Preity Zinta. Khan's performance in the film won him awards at several award ceremonies. In that same year, he received critical acclaim for his performance in Ashutosh Gowariker's drama Swades. He was nominated for the Filmfare Best Actor Award for all three of his releases in 2004, winning it for Swades. [42] In 2006, Khan collaborated with Karan Johar for the fourth time with the melodrama movie Kabhi Alvida Na Kehna. It did well in India and much more so in the overseas market, becoming the biggest Bollywood hit in the overseas market of all-time. [43] His second release that year saw him playing the title role in the action film Don, a remake of the 1978 hit Don. The movie was a success. [43] Khan's success continued with a few more highly popular films. One of his most successful works was the multiple award-winning 2007 film, Chak De India, about the Indian women's national hockey team. Earning over Rs 639 million, Chak De India became the third highest grossing movie of 2007 in India and won yet another Filmfare Best Actor Award for Khan. [44] The film was a major critical success. [45] In the same year Khan also starred in Farah Khan's 2007 film, Om Shanti Om. The film emerged as the year's highest grossing film in India and the overseas market, and became India's highest grossing production ever up to that point. [44] It earned him another nomination for Best Actor at the Filmfare ceremony. Khan's more recent films include the 2008 release, Rab Ne Bana Di Jodi which was a huge box office success, and Billu. Khan's next film, My Name Is Khan, is due for release on 12 February 2010. While on one shoot in Los Angeles, along with his wife Gauri and director Karan Johar, he took a break from filming to attend the 66th Golden Globe Awards, held in Los Angeles, California, on 11 January 2009. [46][47] Khan introduced Slumdog Millionaire along with a star from the film, Freida Pinto. [48][49] Producer Khan turned producer when he set up a production company called Dreamz Unlimited with Juhi Chawla and director Aziz Mirza in 1999. The first two of the films he produced and starred in: Phir Bhi Dil Hai Hindustani (2000) and Asoka (2001) were box office failures. [39] However, his third film as a producer and star, Chalte Chalte (2003), proved a box office hit. [41] In 2004, Khan set up another production company, Red Chillies Entertainment, and produced and starred in Main Hoon Na, another hit. [42] The following year, he produced and starred in the fantasy film Paheli, which did poorly. [50] It was, however, India's official entry to the Academy Awards for consideration for Best Foreign Language Film, but it did not pass the final selection. Also in 2005, Khan co-produced the supernatural horror film Kaal with Karan Johar, and performed an item number for the film with Malaika Arora Khan. Kaal was moderately successful at the box office. [50] His company has gone on to produce Om Shanti Om (2007), in which he starred, and Billu (2009), in which he played a supporting role as a Bollywood superstar. Apart from film production, the company also has a visual effects studio known as Red Chillies VFX. It has also ventured into television content production, with shows like, The First Ladies, Ghar Ki Baat Hai', and Knights and Angels. Television advertisements are also produced by the company. [51] In 2008, Red Chillies Entertainment became the owner of the Kolkata Knight Riders in the BCCI-backed IPL cricket competition. Television host In 2007, Khan replaced Amitabh Bachchan as the host of the third series of the popular game show Kaun Banega Crorepati, the Indian version of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?. [52] The previous had hosted the show for five years from 2000–05. On 22 January 2007, Kaun Banega Crorepati aired with Khan as the new host[53] and later ended on 19 April 2007. [54] On 25 April 2008, Khan began hosting the game show Kya Aap Paanchvi Pass Se Tez Hain? , the Indian version of Are You Smarter Than a 5th Grader? ,[55] whose last episode was telecasted on 27 July 2008, with Lalu Prasad Yadav as the special guest. [56] Awards and nominations Main article: List of Shahrukh Khan's awards and nominations Filmography Actor Year Title Role Notes 1992 Deewana Raja Sahai Winner, Filmfare Best Male Debut Award Idiot Pawan Raghujan Chamatkar Sunder Srivastava Raju Ban Gaya Gentleman Raju (Raj Mathur) Dil Aashna Hai Karan 1993 Maya Memsaab Lalit Kumar King Uncle Anil Bhansal Baazigar Ajay Sharma/Vicky Malhotra Winner, Filmfare Best Actor Award Darr Rahul Mehra Nominated, Filmfare Best Villain Award Kabhi Haan Kabhi Naa Sunil Winner, Filmfare Critics Award for Best Performance Nominated, Filmfare Best Actor Award 1994 Anjaam Vijay Agnihotri Winner, Filmfare Best Villain Award 1995 Karan Arjun Arjun Singh/Vijay Zamana Deewana Rahul Malhotra Guddu Guddu Bahadur Oh Darling! Yeh Hai India Hero Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge Raj Malhotra Winner, Filmfare Best Actor Award Ram Jaane Ram Jaane Trimurti Romi Singh 1996 English Babu Desi Mem Vikram/Hari/Gopal Mayur Chaahat Roop Rathore Army Arjun Special appearance Dushman Duniya Ka Badru 1997 Gudgudee Special appearance Koyla Shankar Yes Boss Rahul Joshi Nominated, Filmfare Best Actor Award Pardes Arjun Saagar Dil To Pagal Hai Rahul Winner, Filmfare Best Actor Award 1998 Duplicate Bablu Chaudhry/Manu Dada Nominated, Filmfare Best Villain Award Achanak Himself Special appearance Dil Se Amarkant Varma Kuch Kuch Hota Hai Rahul Khanna Winner, Filmfare Best Actor Award 1999 Baadshah Raj Heera/Baadshah Nominated, Filmfare Best Comedian Award 2000 Phir Bhi Dil Hai Hindustani Ajay Bakshi Hey Ram Amjad Ali Khan Josh Max Har Dil Jo Pyar Karega Rahul Special appearance Mohabbatein Raj Aryan Malhotra Winner, Filmfare Critics Award for Best Performance Nominated, Filmfare Best Actor Award Gaja Gamini Himself Special appearance 2001 One 2 Ka 4 Arun Verma Asoka Asoka Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham Rahul Raichand Nominated, Filmfare Best Actor Award 2002 Hum Tumhare Hain Sanam Gopal Devdas Devdas Mukherjee Winner, Filmfare Best Actor Award Shakti: The Power Jaisingh Special appearance Saathiya Yeshwant Rao Cameo 2003 Chalte Chalte Raj Mathur Kal Ho Naa Ho Aman Mathur Nominated, Filmfare Best Actor Award 2004 Yeh Lamhe Judaai Ke Dushant Main Hoon Na Maj. Ram Prasad Sharma Nominated, Filmfare Best Actor Award Veer-Zaara Veer Pratap Singh Nominated, Filmfare Best Actor Award Swades Mohan Bhargava Winner, Filmfare Best Actor Award 2005 Kuch Meetha Ho Jaaye Himself Special appearance Kaal Special appearance in song Kaal Dhamaal Silsiilay Sutradhar Special appearance in song Jab Jab Dil Mile Paheli Kishenlal/The Ghost The Inner and Outer World of Shah Rukh Khan Himself (Biopic) Documentary directed by British-based author and director Nasreen Munni Kabir 2006 Alag Special appearance in song Sabse Alag Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna Dev Saran Nominated, Filmfare Best Actor Award Don – The Chase Begins Again Vijay/Don Nominated, Filmfare Best Actor Award Nominated, Asian Film Award for Best Actor I See You Special appearance in song Subah Subah 2007 Chak De India Kabir Khan Winner, Filmfare Best Actor Award Heyy Babyy Raj Malhotra Special appearance in song Mast Kalandar Om Shanti Om Om Prakash Makhija/Om Kapoor Nominated, Filmfare Best Actor Award 2008 Krazzy 4 Special appearance in song Break Free Bhoothnath Aditya Sharma Special appearance Rab Ne Bana Di Jodi Surinder Sahni/Raj Nominated, Filmfare Best Actor Award 009 Luck by Chance Himself Special appearance Billu Sahir Khan Aao Wish Karein Narrator [57] 2010 Dulha Mil Gaya Released on 8 January 2010 My Name Is Khan Rizwan Khan Releasing on 12 February 2010 Ra. 1 Koochie Koochie Hota Hain Rocky Filming Producer * Phir Bhi Dil Hai Hindustani (2000) * Asoka (2001) * Chalte Chalte (2003) * Main Hoon Na (2004) * Kaal (2005) * Paheli (2005) * Om Shanti Om (2007) * Billu (2009) Playback singer * Main to hoon Pagal – Baadshah (1999) * Apun Bola – Josh (2000) * Khaike Paan Banaraswala – Don – The Chase Begins Again (2006) * Ek Hockey Doongi Rakhke – Chak De India (2007) Sattar Minute – Chak De India (2007) Stunts director * Kuch Kuch Hota Hai (1998) * Main Hoon Na (2004) * Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna (2006) * Chak De India (2007) * Om Shanti Om (2007) Television appearances * Dil Dariya (1988) * Fauji (1988) †¦ Abhimanyu Rai * Doosra Keval (1989) * Circus (1989) * In Which Annie Gives It Those Ones (1989) * Idiot (1991) †¦ Pawan Raghujan * Kareena Kareena (2004) †¦ Special appearance * Rendezvous with Simi Garewal†¦.. Guest * Koffee with Karan (2004–2007) †¦ Guest (3 episodes) * Kaun Banega Crorepati (2007) †¦ Host * Jjhoom India (2007) †¦ Guest * Nach Baliye (2008) †¦. Guest * Kya Aap Paanchvi Pass Se Tez Hain? (2008) †¦. Host * Oye! It's Friday! (2009) †¦ Guest * Tere Mere Beach Mein (2009) †¦ Guest See also * List of Indian Actors * Newark Airport Incident Bibliography * Nasreen Munni Kabir. The Inner and Outer World of Shah Rukh Khan (Documentary, 2005). * Shahrukh Khan – Still Reading Khan. A1Books Distributor 2007. ISBN 9788187107798. * Gahlot, Deepa; Agarwal, Amit. King Khan SRK. Augsburg Weltbild 2007. ISBN 9783828988699. * Ghosh, Biswadeep. Hall of fame: Shahrukh Khan (in English). Mumbai: Magna Books, 2004. ISBN 8178092379. * Chopra, Anupama. King of Bollywood : Shah Rukh Khan and the seductive world of Indian cinema (English). New York: Warner Books, 2007. ISBN 9780446578585. Notes 1. ^ â€Å"Indian cinema doing well because of cultural ethos: Shah Rukh Khan†. The Hindu. 17 June 2007. http://www. hindu. com/thehindu/holnus/009200706171961. htm. Retrieved 2009-08-16. 2. ^ Kumar, Anuj (11 November 2004). â€Å"Bollywood bonanza†. The Hindu. http://www. hindu. com/mp/2004/11/11/stories/2004111101010300. htm. Retrieved 2009-08-16. Kamath, Sudhish (7 December 2007). Being SRK†. The Hindu. http://www. hindu. com/cp/2007/12/07/stories/2007120750010100. htm. Retrieved 16 August 2009. 3. ^ â€Å"The Global Elite – 41: Shahrukh Khan†. Newsweek. 20 December 2008. http://www. newsweek. com/id/176325. Retrieved 24 December 2008. 4. ^ â€Å"The Rediff Interview / Shah Rukh Khan†. Rediff. http://www. rediff. com/movies/2007/mar/16srk . htm. Retrieved 5 July 2006. 5. ^ 2009 interview with an Afghan movie director on Afghan TV channel, Shahrukh Khan states that his father's father (grandfather) is from Afghanistan. 6. ^ â€Å"Badshah at durbar and dinner†. elegraphindia. com. http://www. telegraphindia. com/1040531/asp/frontpage/story_3313328. asp. Retrieved 12 March 2007. 7. ^ â€Å"Rediff News Gallery: The Shahrukh Connection†. http://specials. rediff. com/news/2004/may/31sl02. htm. 8. ^ A Hundred Horizons by Sugata Bose, 2006 USA, p136 9. ^ â€Å"Shahrukh Khan – Journey†. http://movies. indiatimes. com/cms. dll/articleshow? artid=177008&right=1&fright=1&botlink=1. 10. ^ SRK to run for Delhi TNN, The Times of India, 30 September 2009. â€Å"I was born here, in Talwar Nursing Home. I lived here for more than two decades in Rajinder Nagar† 11. IndiaFM News Bureau (2 November 2006). â€Å"Facts you never knew about SRK†. indiaFM. http://www. indiafm. com/features/2006/11/02 /1777. Retrieved 26 July 2008. 12. ^ â€Å"Shah Rukh Khan turns 42†. zeenews. com. http://www. zeenews. com/znnew/articles. asp? aid=404915&sid=ZNS&sname=exclusive-news. Retrieved 2 November 2007. 13. ^ Siddiqui, Rana (17 November 2006). â€Å"Much ado about King Khan†. The Hindu. http://www. hinduonnet. com/thehindu/fr/2006/11/17/stories/2006111701130100. htm. Retrieved 9 February 2008. 14. ^ Zubair Ahmed (23 September 2005). â€Å"Who's the real Shah Rukh Khan? â€Å". BBC News – BBC.

the harms of smoking essays

the harms of smoking essays There is a lot of harm in smoking. These days everyone is talking about the long-term effects that smoking has a person. Smoking causes many different types of cancer. Including lung, oral, and kidney as well as esophagus cancers. Smoking also causes chronic bronchitis, and many types of breathing disorders like emphysema. In addition smokers have many impairments. Impaired senses, and impaired wound healing. Smoking also causes peripheral vascular disorder, which is lack of blood flow through the body. This disorder eventually causes your arms and legs not to circulate properly. Sometimes this disorder leads to amputation. A lot of times the effects of smoking are often deadly. Smoking causes clogged arteries, which lead to strokes, along with general sickness such as pneumonia, colds and infections. There is also the risk of fire. It is proven that there are 1,300 deaths a year from fires caused by smoking. There are more harms in smoking then just the long-term effects. There are the facts about the harm it does to others that breaths second hand smoke, Along with the chemicals that make up a cigarette. The chemicals alone are enough to make anyone want to quit. These chemicals include, nicotine, titanium, copper, carbon, lithium, and, methane. These chemicals are in small amounts, but still are hazardous to the health of all people. Smokers and non-smokers alike. Over all these are the harms in smoking that remain in my mind the most. All this information basically reminds me that smoking isnt worth the hassle, the money, or the health problems that it will cause me in the future that is why I am trying to quit now, before it is too late. ...

Cuánto ganan las enfermeras en Estados Unidos

Cunto ganan las enfermeras en Estados Unidos En Estados Unidos, enfermerà ­a es una de las profesiones mejor pagadas y con mayor demanda de profesionales. Los salarios varà ­an segà ºn la especialidad, titulacià ³n, lugar de trabajo, aà ±os trabajados e, incluso, lugar de desempeà ±o laboral. Esta este artà ­culo se informa sobre cunto ganan de media las enfermeras en Estados Unidos, segà ºn datos de Medscape, Nurse Salary, PayScale y el Bureau de Estadà ­sticas Oficiales y teniendo en cuenta las tres grandes categorà ­as en las que se divide esta profesià ³n: LPN/LVP, tambià ©n conocidas como enfermeras vocacionalesRN, por las siglas en inglà ©s de Enfermeras RegistradasNP, por siglas en inglà ©s de Enfermeras Practicantes Finalmente, se especifican quà © documentos legales son necesarios para trabajar en Estados Unidos y quà © tipos de visa se pueden obtener para trabajar en el campo de la enfermerà ­a. Cunto ganan las LPN/LVP en Estados Unidos Licensed Vocational Nurses (LVP, por sus siglas en inglà ©s) y Licensed Practical Nurse (LPN, por sus siglas en inglà ©s) son el equivalente de lo que en muchos paà ­ses hispanohablantes se conoce como auxiliar de enfermerà ­a. Desde el punto de vista acadà ©mico, los LVN y LPN se caracterizan por no haber cursado estudios universitarios de licenciatura en este rubro, sin embargo, deben pasar el examen de que se conoce como NCLEX-PN para trabajar en cualquiera de los 50 estados de EE.UU., el Distrito de Columbia y los territorios de Guam, Samoa, Marianas e Islas Và ­rgenes Americanas. De hecho, es posible trabajar como LVP o LPN con sà ³lo cursado la high school –lo que en algunos paà ­ses se llama bachillerato, prepa o liceo–, y, adems, haber completado ciertos cursos tà ©cnicos. Pueden ocuparse de de curar heridas, baà ±ar y dar de comer a los enfermos, poner inyecciones y similares. En la actualidad, el salario medio anual de LVP y de LPN a tiempo completo es de $42.400 brutos, es decir, antes de descontar impuestos. Para los que trabajan a tiempo parcial el pago medio es de $20,30 por hora. Sin embargo, existen grandes diferencias segà ºn el tipo de trabajo que se realiza, conocimientos acadà ©micos adicionales, experiencia, etc. Entre los factores que determinan el salario se encuentra el lugar geogrfico en el que se trabaja. Asà ­, los estados en los que LVP y LPN comandan las mejores nà ³minas son Connecticut, Nevada y Alaska, con salarios anuales promedio superiores a $52.000 brutos. En el otro lado de la balanza se encuentran Virginia Occidental, Dakota del Sur y Alabama, donde los salarios son ms bajos para estos profesionales. Por regià ³n, el rea no metropolitana donde los salarios son ms altos en el rea del sureste de Alaska y el rea metropolitana con mejor salario es la conformada por San Francisco-San Mateo-Redwood, donde el salario bruto anual medio es de $60.550. En la actualidad hay ms de 718.000 LVP y LPN trabajando en Estados Unidos, siendo los estados de Texas, California, Nueva York, Florida y Ohio los que emplean un mayor nà ºmero. Salarios de Enfermeras Registradas (RN) en Estados Unidos La mayorà ­a de las enfermeras en Estados Unidos pertenecen a esta categorà ­a. Pueden empezar a trabajar con estudios universitarios medios, lo que equivale a un Associate ´s Degree en USA. Si tienen una licenciatura, (B.S. por sus siglas en inglà ©s)  ganan ms. En todo caso, para trabajar en Estados Unidos, en cualquiera de los 50 estados, Washington D.C.. y todos sus territorios excepto Puerto Rico, es necesario pasar el examen que se conoce como NCLEX-RN. La isla de Puerto Rico sigue su propio sistema de certificacià ³n, pero los profesionales puertorriqueà ±os que desean trabajar en uno de los 50 estados o en los otros territorios de la Unià ³n necesitan pasar dicho examen. En la actualidad, el salario medio anual bruto de una RN a tiempo completo es de $67.930, mientras que para las RN a tiempo parcial el pago medio por hora es de $32.66. California, Hawaii y Massachussets son los estados en los que los salarios son ms altos, superando de media los $90.000 anuales brutos. Por otro lado, en Iowa es donde se obtiene el peor salario, siendo la media de $52.540 brutos anuales para RN a tiempo completo. Por reas, la que comanda los mejores salarios para RN es el rea conformada por San Josà ©-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara, en el estado de California, donde el ingreso bruto anual medio es de $122.990. En cuanto a las especialidades que ms ganan dentro de la categorà ­a de RN destacan de anestesias, cuidados crà ­ticos o Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos y tambià ©n las comadronas certificadas. Pero sin duda la especialidad mejor pagada entre las RN es la de enfermerà ­a anestesista registrada y certificada (CRNA, por sus siglas en inglà ©s). Han concluido estudios de maestrà ­a con especialidad en anestesias y han aprobado un examen de certificacià ³n nacional aunque cada estado puede establecer regulaciones adicionales. Adems, en muchos estados pueden trabajar sin estar bajo la supervisià ³n de un mà ©dico anestesista. Pueden hacer una labor muy similar a estos, pero le resultan ms baratas a los hospitales. Esta es una especialidad conocida por sus altos niveles de estrà ©s y largas horas de trabajo. El salario medio de un profesional CRNA es de $157.000, siendo el punto de entrada $105.000 y siendo el punto ms alto $242.000 anuales brutos. En Estados Unidos, la distribucià ³n entre hombres y mujeres CRNA es prcticamente igual, habiendo un poco ms de varones en total. Es una de las pocas reas en enfermerà ­a donde los hombres son tan numerosos. Salario enfermeras especializadas o Nurse Practitioner (NP) Las enfermeras especializadas, conocidas en inglà ©s como Nurse Practitioner o NP, han completado, como mà ­nimo, estudios de maestrà ­a en esa especialidad. En algunos estados pueden recetar y trabajar independientemente de un mà ©dico. En la actualidad, el salario medio anual bruto es de $91.540 para las NP a tiempo completo. en el supuesto de trabajar a tiempo parcial, el pago medio bruto por hora se sità ºa en $43,97. Las diferencias de sueldo son grande, dependiendo de la especializacià ³n. Las que ms cobran son las especialistas en cuidado de recià ©n nacidos, en psiquiatrà ­a (ARNP, por sus siglas en inglà ©s) y cuidado de ancianos (AGNP, por sus siglas en inglà ©s). En este à ºltimo caso, se prima con ms salario los conocimientos en mbitos mà ©dicos adicionales como diabetes o cuidados paliativos. Por geografà ­a, Alaska, Hawaii y Oregà ³n son los estados con los mejores salarios mientras que por reas, la metropolitana con sueldos ms altos en San Josà ©-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara, en California, y en zona no rural el rea oriental del estado de Nuevo Mà ©xico. Por otro lado, los estados donde las NP reciben los salarios ms bajos son Illinois, Virginia Occidental y la ciudad de Washington D.C. Se estima que un total de 105.780 NP ejercen su profesià ³n en la actualidad en Estados Unidos, siendo California, Nueva York, Florida, Texas y Massachusetts los estados con ms trabajo. Visa para trabajar como enfermera/o a Estados Unidos Para trabajar legalmene en Estados Unidos es necesario tener una situacià ³n migratoria que permita hacerlo. Obviamente, los ciudadanos americanos pueden hacerlo, aunque en el caso de profesiones como la enfermerà ­a necesitan convalidar sus estudios si los han obtenido en otro paà ­s. Todos los que no son ciudadanos necesitan uno de estos tres documentos: tarjeta de residencia permanente, siendo vlida la que est sellada en el pasaporte permiso de trabajo,  que se dan en circunstancias muy concretas Visa de trabajo  que debe patrocinar el empleador En ocasiones, los empleadores estadounidenses pueden animarse a patrocinar una visa de trabajo. Las personas interesadas en explorar esta và ­a pueden consultar estas  10 agencias que buscan empresas que patrocinan y acompaà ±an a enfermeras extranjeras en el proceso de validar estudios y aprobar exmenes necesarios para poder trabajar en EU. En el caso de egresados en enfermerà ­a de nacionalidad mexicana siempre es particularmente de interà ©s consultar el enlace anterior ya que para ellos hay habilitado la visa TN para profesionales y la enfermerà ­a est incluida en el listado. Adems, todos los extranjeros sin importar nacionalidad pueden intentar buscar un patrocinador de una visa visas H-1B para profesionales. Si bien hay que tener en cuenta que cada aà ±o fiscal el nà ºmero de solicitudes para este tipo de visa supera al cupo disponible, por lo que se acaba determinando quià ©n gana la visa por loterà ­a. Si bien en este punto es conveniente destacar dos caracterà ­sticas de la visa H-1B. En primer lugar, las instituciones de investigacià ³n y educativas pueden patrocinar estas visas sin là ­mite anual en el nà ºmero. Por lo tanto, si se consigue un patrocinar de esta clase, podrà ­a obtenerse la visa en cualquier momento del aà ±o. En segundo lugar, los chilenos tienen reservado un nà ºmero de visas H-1B que sà ³lo ellos pueden utilizar. Como regla general, la oferta es superior a la demanda por lo que si se obtiene patrocinador y se cumplen todos los requisitos para obtener la visa, no habrà ­a, en principio, el problema de que se acabaron las visas H-1B para el aà ±o presente. Cuando mayor salario no equivale a mayor nivel de vida. El cobrar ms no siempre equivale a que se vive mejor ya que en Estados Unidos se pagan impuestos muchas veces ms altos que en el paà ­s de origen y adems las cosas son ms caras. Por esta razà ³n este  comparativo  salarial de 18 profesiones en 8 paà ­ses teniendo en cuenta diferencias en canasta alimentaria puede resultar de interà ©s para clarificar la situacià ³n. Este es un artà ­culo informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal.

Budgets Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Budgets - Research Paper Example According to its mission, PepsiCo is a company in the consumer products business (PepsiCo, 2009). It focuses on manufacturing and distributing convenient foods and beverages. Its products include Pepsi Cola and other soft drink brands, Frito Lay, Tropicana, Quaker and Gatorade (PepsiCo, 2009). The types of budget that will be used by any company should conform to the main business of the said company. In PepsiCo’s case, being a company in the food and beverage industry, its budgets should be tailored to its specific needs and targets. The first recommended budget is the advertising budget. Since PepsiCo produces consumer products, these products should be marketed to the widest range of potential customers as much as possible. To do this, PepsiCo needs to aggressively advertise its products and even how it positions its products. Such a move will cost a lot of advertising expenses for PepsiCo, expenses that should be estimated or projected and placed in an advertising budget. This advertising budget includes how much PepsiCo expects to spend in advertising over a period of time (usually within one year) in various advertising vehicles such as print, media and even online. The second recommended budget is the department budget, which is usually prepared on an annual basis, but with a monthly breakdown. This type of budget is prepared for a company that has â€Å"multiple sales revenue units† (Jagels and Ralston, 2006, p. 370). Since PepsiCo has different product lines, the company can treat each product line as a department and draw up a budget specific to that product line. Since the department budget will show the revenues and expenses for the given product line, PepsiCo can immediately analyze which product line is the most profitable for the company, which has a positive contribution to the company’s bottom line and which products need to

Professional Letter of Recommendation for MBA Admission Essay

Professional Letter of Recommendation for MBA Admission - Essay Example He worked as a planning intern with HoK Advance Strategies in 2008 where he participated in planning and managing major projects. The applicant manifested unique management, creativity, learning, training, and leadership skills compared to other RIYAD CAPITAL analysts of the same age and education. Indeed, he was the first to get a promotion among his peers where he became their manager, leader, and trainer soon after joining RIYAD CAPITAL. He was their mentor. His contribution was fundamental in our institution where we advised and closed on two IPOs. The applicant was phenomenon in coordinating schedule for IPO road show on behalf of clients and leveraging social capital with investors. This experience prepares the applicant for the MBA program. His long-term plan of developing his business and diversifying his business activities depicts his entrepreneurial mind. The applicant manifests immense strength in team building, conflict management, and leadership where he represented Saudi in the Mosaic International Leadership Development Summit. He also volunteered in community leadership where he assisted disabled students. The applicant is motivated to address his weaknesses in public presentation and conducting research that will prepare him for MBA projects. The applicant is learning how to conduct and analyze researched information. With these skills, the applicant is likely to achieve a successful professional career in MBA. Having come from a poor family background, the applicant struggled to access high quality education where he relied on sponsors and part-time jobs to fund his education. Nevertheless, the applicant has achieved much and gained fundamental skills through utmost dedication to his endeavors. I believe this spirit will propel him to great heights in his professional career. I have immense personal and professional regard for the applicant and I believe his academic qualifications, professional experience, and skills are sufficient and